Benzimidazole anthelmintic agents

ABSTRACT

PCT No. PCT/EP92/01579 Sec. 371 Date Jan. 14, 1994 Sec. 102(e) Date Jan. 14, 1994 PCT Filed Jul. 13, 1992 PCT Pub. No. WO93/02059 PCT Pub. Date Feb. 4, 1993.This invention is directed to anthelmintic benzimidazole compounds of formula (IA) or (IB)   alts thereof, wherein R, which in the compounds (IA) is in the 5- or 6- position, is H, benzoyl, styryl, phenyloxy, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, phenylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyloxy, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylthio, C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl or (C3-C7 cycloalkyl) carbonyl, said phenyl groups, and the phenyl portion of said benzoyl group, optionally having 1 to 3 substituents each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, halo-(C1-C4 alkyl), C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C1-C4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl, C2-C4 alkanoyl, nitro, isothiocyanato, and cyano; and either (a) R1 is a 1- (C2-C6 alkanoyloxy) (C1-C4 alkyl) group and R2 is H, C1-C4 alkyl or a 1-(C1-C4 alkyl) group, or (b) R1  is H and R2 is a 1- (C2-C6 alkanoyloxy) (C1-C4 alkyl) group; and R3 is a C1-C4 alkyl group; pharmaceutical compositions of these benzimidazole compounds and methods of using these benzimidazole compounds as anthelmintics.

This application is a 371 of PCT EP 92 015 79 filed on Jul. 13, 1992.

The present invention related to certain benzimidazole anthelmintic agents which, quite unexpectedly, are topically and parenterally active and are thus suitable for transdermal and parenteral (especially intramuscular) administration.

These benzimidazole derivatives are represented by the following formulae: ##STR2## and their non-toxic salts, wherein R, which in the compounds (IA) is in the 5- or 6-position, is either (i) H, benzoyl, phenyloxy, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, phenylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyloxy, C₁ -C₆ alkyl, C₁ -C₆ alkoxy, C₁ -C₆ alkylthio, C₁ -C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁ -C₆ alkylsulfonyl or (C₃ -C₇ cycloalkyl) carbonyl, said phenyl groups, and the phenyl portion of said benzoyl group, optionally having 1 to 3 substituents each independently selected from halo, C₁ -C₄ alkyl, halo-(C₁ -C₄ alkyl), C₁ -C₄ alkoxy, C₁ -C₄ alkylthio, C₁ -C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁ -C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₂ -C₄ alkanoyl, nitro, isothiocyanato, and cyano; or (ii) a group of the formula: ##STR3## where X is O, S, SO, SO₂ or NR⁴ in which R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁ -C₄ alkyl, phenyl or phenyl-(C₁ -C₄ alkyl), said phenyl groups being optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents each selected from C₁ -C₄ alkyl, halo, hydroxy and C₁ -C₄ alkoxy; and R⁵ is H, C₁ -C₄ alkyl, halo, hydroxy or C₁ -C₄ alkoxy; ##STR4##

and either (a) R¹ is a 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) group and

R² is H, C₁ -C₄ alkyl or a 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) group, or (b) R¹ is H and R² is a 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) group; and

R³ is a C₁ -C₄ alkyl group.

Preferred alkyl and alkoxy groups have 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

R is preferably H, C₁ -C₄ alkyl, C₁ -C₄ alkoxy, C₁ -C₄ alkylthio, C₁ -C₄ alkylsulphinyl, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, benzoyl optionally substituted by halo, phenylsulfonyloxy optionally substituted by halo, or 1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl.

More preferably, R is H, benzoyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorophenylsulfonyloxy, n-propylthio, n-propylsulfinyl, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, n-butyl, n-propyloxy, or 1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl.

Most preferably, R is n-propylthio.

R¹ is preferably 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) and R² is preferably H or 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl).

In the 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) groups represented by R¹ and optionally by R², a preferred C₁ -C₄ alkyl group is methyl. A preferred alkanoyloxy group is pivaloyloxy. R¹ is preferably pivaloyloxymethyl and R² is preferably H or pivaloyloxymethyl.

When R¹ and R² are both a 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) group, then they are preferably the same, e.g. both are pivaloyloxymethyl. The compounds of the formula (IA) are the preferred compounds of the invention.

Alkyl and alkoxy groups of 3 or more carbon atoms may be straight or branched chain. "Halo" means F, Cl, Br or I.

It will be noted that the alkanoyloxyalkyl groups represented by R¹ and optionally by R² have the alkanoyloxy group at the 1-position of the alkyl group, i.e., they can also be represented as follows: ##STR5##

Suitable non-toxic acid addition salts, suitable for veterinary use, are for example the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, and sulphate salts. These can all be prepared conventionally.

The benzimidazoles of the formula (IA) and (IB) and their salts are in particular anthelmintics suitable for the control of parasitic diseases in both human and non-human animals such as sheep and cattle and domestic pets. The compounds exhibit activity against mature and immature parasitic forms of, for example, nematodes, trematodes and cestodes such as are represented by Trichostrongylus, Dictyocaulus, Ostertagia, Nematodirus, Stronglyoides, Trichuris, Haemonchus, Cooperia, Dirofilaria, Toxocara, Trichuris, Fasciola and Monezia species.

Efficient control of these species is achieved by introducing into said animals circulatory system an anthelmintically-effective amount of a compound (IA) or (IB) or salt thereof. In the case of these compounds, it has been unexpectedly found that this control can be achieved by percutaneous absorption and/or penetration from a liquid or cream formulation applied directly to the animals' skin. Such liquid formulations are known as "pour-on formulations". Such pour-on formulations are characterised in that the active ingredient, i.e. the compound (IA) or (IB) or salt thereof, is dissolved, emulsified or suspended in a suitable solvent or solvent mixture which is tolerable by the skin and non-toxic to the animal, optionally with certain auxiliary ingredients.

To prepare pour-on formulations, the compounds of the formula (IA) and (IB) and their salts are formulated in a conventional manner by mixing them with carriers which are effective in penetrating the skin, the compound (IA) and (IB) then being absorbed by the animal through the skin and transmitted systemically throughout the animal.

The pour on formulation contains:

1. a non volatile drug solvent or solvent mixture which may include solvents normally classed as transdermal penetration enhancers, and, optionally, one or more of the following:

2. a solvent with the specific role of enhancing transdermal penetration if such a solvent is not already present performing function 1 as the main drug solvent;

3. an accessory spreading agent if this auxiliary function is not performed adequately by the drug solvent (1) and any transdermal penetration enhancer (2);

4. a volatile solvent. This volatile solvent may aid the spreading and distribution of components 1 and 2, adjust the formulation to a convenient dosing volume, and ensure solubility and miscibility of the formulation in extreme storage conditions; and

5. further adjuvants, where necessary; to ensure chemical stability in storage and use, to increase the viscosity of the formulation to prevent run off, to deter other animals from licking the composition off the treated animal, and to protect the skin from undesirable irritation.

Suitable drug solvents (1) are selected to achieve adequate solubility from:

    ______________________________________                                         Spreading oils   silicone oils, isopropyl                                                       myristate, isopropyl palmitate,                                                caprylic/capric acid                                                           triglyceride, saturated                                                        triglycerides of naturally                                                     occuring fatty acids, fatty                                                    acid esters (e.g. ethyl                                                        oleate), and fatty acid esters                                                 which correspond to synthetic                                                  anatine uropygial gland fat.                                  Aliphatic hydrocarbons                                                                          e.g. light paraffin oil.                                      Hydroxylic solvents                                                                             less volatile alcohols (e.g.                                                   hexanol, octanol), propylene                                                   glycol, polypropylene glycols,                                                 ethylene glycol, diethylene                                                    glycol, glycerols and ether and                                                or ester substituents of these                                                 solvents, (e.g. Triacetin),                                                    aromatic alcohols such as                                                      benzyl alcohol and carboxylic                                                  acid esters (e.g. benzyl                                                       benzoate), butyl acetate,                                                      propylene carbonate and ethyl                                                  lactate.                                                      Polyalkoxylated solvents                                                                        Polyethylene glycols,                                                          polyglycol ethers and or esters                                                e.g. 2-(2-alkoxy)ethoxyethanols                                                and 2-(2 alkoxy)ethoxyethyl                                                    alkanoates.                                                   Vegetable oils   not included in the definition                                                 of spreading oils e.g. corn,                                                   sesame, olive, pine, linseed,                                                  cottonseed and ground nut oil.                                Penetration enhancing                                                                           (a) e.g. dimethylsulphoxide,                                  agents (2)       dimethylformamide and                                                          dimethylacetamide;                                                             (b) Pyrrolidones. In                                                           particular 2-pyrrolidone, N-                                                   methylpyrrolidone,                                                             and 1 or 5 and 1,5 alkyl                                                       substituted pyrrolidones e.g.                                                  1,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone or                                                  carboxylic acid substituted                                                    pyrrolidones; (c) alkylsulph-                                                  oxides, sugar esters and                                                       phosphine oxides; and (d)                                                      azacycloalkan-2-ones.                                         ______________________________________                                    

Where these solvents may be used in miscible combinations, miscibility may be achieved by incorporation of a ternary solvent if required, to provide adequate drug solubility.

Accessory spreading agents (3) comprising spreading oils (if these are not used as the main drug solvent as previously listed in (1)) or surface active agents where the term surface active agent is used to cover materials variously called wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. These include:

Non-ionic water soluble emulsifiers such as alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, polyoxyethylene alkylaryl ether, alkylpolyglycol ethers, polyoxyethylene esters and ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono fatty acid esters, sorbitan mono fatty acid esters, ethoxylated nonyl phenols, isooctylphenol, polyethoxyethanol and polyethoxylated castor oil (Cremophor EL^(R)). Anionic surfactants including soaps, fatty sulphate esters (e.g. dodecyl Na sulphate) fatty aromatic sulphonates (e.g. alkylbenzenesulphonates) more complex fatty sulphonates such as the amide condensation product of oleic acid and N-methyltaurine, the sodium sulphonate of dioctylsuccinate and the disodium ethoxylated nonylphenol half ester of sulphosuccinic acid. Cationic agents such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide may also be used as well as ampholytic surfactants such as di-Na-N-lauryl betaiminodiopropionate or lecithin. Suitable volatile solvents (4) include: Ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone; simple alcohols (in particular methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol); straight and branched alkyl ethers (e.g. dibutyl diisopropyl ether), tetrahydrofuran, glycol ethers and straight and branched chain alkyl acetates (e.g. isopropyl acetate) and other esters such as lactic acid ethyl ester; aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, benzene, toluene, alkylnaphthalenes and chlorobenzenes; and aliphatic hydrocarbons such as paraffins of chain length 6-20 and halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Appropriate auxiliary additives (5) include:

    ______________________________________                                         Stability enhancers                                                                          antioxidants e.g. ascorbic acid,                                               butylated hydroxyanisole and                                                   butylated hydroxytoluene.                                        Colourants    inorganic pigments, iron (II)                                                  oxide, titanium dioxide, Prussian                                              blue; organic dyestuffs e.g.                                                   alizarin based, azo dye-based or                                               metal phthalocyanine-based                                                     dyestuffs.                                                       Adhesion promoters                                                                           carboxymethylcellulose,                                                        methylcellulose and other cellulose                                            and starch derivatives,                                                        polyacrylates, alginates,                                                      gelatines, gum arabic,                                                         polyvinylpyrrolidone, copolymers of                                            methylvinyl ether and maleic                                                   anhydride, polyethylene glycols,                                               paraffins, oils and waxes,                                                     hydrogenated castor oil, lecithins                                             and synthetic phospholipids.                                     Oral deterrents                                                                              such as bitter aloes.                                            Emolients     such as lanolin.                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The drug is dissolved in typical formulations which contain 1-100% of the main drug solvents, usually not more than 70% and ideally not more than 20%. The rest of the formulation is composed in the main by the volatile solvent which may comprise 0-99% of the formulation and preferably not less than 30%. Further transdermal penetration enhancers (0-33%), accessory spreading agents (0-25%) and adjuvants (0-5%) are added as required.

Preferred formulations for the actives were selected from typical formulations.

Examples of some typical formulations are:

    ______________________________________                                         Ingredient               % Composition                                         ______________________________________                                         Formulation 1                                                                  2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol                                                                               100                                                   Formulation 2                                                                  2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol                                                                                5                                                    Propan-2-ol              95                                                    Formulation 3                                                                  Ethyl oleate             50                                                    Isopropyl acetate        50                                                    Formulation 4                                                                  Dimethylsulphoxide       20                                                    Xylene                   80                                                    Formulation 5                                                                  Cetyl 2 ethylhexanoate/stearyl 2-ethylhexanoate                                                         10                                                    blend                                                                          Propan-2-ol              90                                                    Formulation 6                                                                  PEG 300                  60                                                    iso-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol                                                                       10                                                    e.g. Triton X-100.sup.R                                                        Propan-2-ol              30                                                    Formulation 7                                                                  Propylene glycol         50                                                    Hydroxypropyl cellulose (MW 1 × 10.sup.6 Dalton)                                                  0.5                                                   e.g. Klucel HPC HF.sup.R                                                       Butylated hydroxyanisole 0.02% w/v                                             Ethanol                  to 100%                                               Formulation 8                                                                  Propylene glycol          5                                                    Sodium Erythrosine       0-0.01% w/v                                           Methanol                 to 100%                                               Formulation 9                                                                  Triacetin                60                                                    Isopropyl acetate        40                                                    ______________________________________                                    

The pour-on formulations typically contain the active compound (IA) or (IB) salt thereof in an amount of from 0.5% wt/vol to 60% wt/vol. A typical pour-on formulation would contain 1 to 50 mg of the active ingredient per kg of animal body weight in, say, 0.01-1 ml per kg body weight of the animal. Typically the formulation is simply poured on the animal. Concentrated formulations are often referred to as "spot-on" formulations, which are spotted onto the animal.

The compounds of formula (IA) and (IB) are administered as a formulation appropriate to the specific use envisaged and to the particular species of host animal being treated and the parasite involved. For use as an anthelmintic the compounds may be administered orally in the form of a capsule, bolus, tablet or drench or as a pour-on formulation, or alternatively, they can be administered by injection (e.g. subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously) or as an implant. Such formulations are prepared in a conventional manner in accordance with standard veterinary practice. Thus capsules, boluses or tablets may be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with a suitable finely divided diluent or carrier additionally containing a disintegrating agent and/or binder such as starch, lactose, talc, magnesium stearate etc. Oral drenches are prepared by dissolving or suspending the active ingredient in a suitable medium. Injectable formulations may be prepared in the form of a sterile solution which may contain other substances, for example, enough salts or glucose to make the solution isotonic with blood. Acceptable liquid carriers include the vegetable oils such as sesame oil and the like, glycerides such as triacetin and the like, esters such as benzyl benzoate, isopropyl myristate and fatty acid derivatives of propylene glycol and the like, as well as organic solvents such as pyrrolidone, glycerol formal and the like. The formulations are prepared by dissolving or suspending the active ingredient in the liquid carrier such that the final formulation contains from 0.5 to 60% by weight of the active ingredient. These formulations will vary with regard to the weight of active compound depending on the species of host animal to be treated, the severity and type of infection and the body weight of the host. For parenteral and oral administration, typical dose ranges of the active ingredient are 1-50 mg per kg of body weight of the animal. Pour-on formulations have been previously described.

As an alternative the compounds may be administered with the animal feedstuff and for this purpose a concentrated feed additive or premix may be prepared for mixing with the normal animal feed.

The compounds of the invention are highly active antiparasitic agents having utility not only as anthelmintics, but as ectoparasiticides, insecticides, acaricides, antifungal agents and antiprotozoal agents.

Thus the compounds are effective in treating a variety of conditions caused by endoparasites including, in particular, helminthiasis which is most frequently caused by a group of parasitic worms described as nematodes, cestodes and trematodes, and which can cause severe economic losses in swine, sheep, horses and cattle as well as affecting domestic animals and poultry. The compounds are also effective against other nematodes which affect various species of animals including, for example, Dirofilaria, Toxocara, Ancyclostoma, Dipylidium, Echinococcus and Taenia in dogs and various parasites which can infect humans including gastro-intestinal parasites such as Ancylostoma, Necator, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Capillaria, Trichuris, Enterobius and parasites which are found in the blood or other tissues and organs such as filarial worms and the extra intestinal stages of Strongyloides and Trichinella.

The compounds are also of value in treating ectoparasite infections including in particular arthropod ectoparasites of animals and birds such as ticks, mites, lice, fleas, blowfly, biting insects and migrating dipterous larvae which can affect cattle and horses.

The compounds are also insecticides active against household pests such as the cockroach, clothes moth, carpet beetle and the housefly as well as being useful against arthropod pests of stored grain and of agricultural plants such as spider mites, aphids, caterpillars and against migratory orthopterans such as locusts.

For use as an insecticide and for treating agricultural pests the compounds are applied as sprays, dusts, emulsions and the like in accordance with standard agricultural practice.

The compounds of the formula (IA) in which R¹ is 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) and R² is H or 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy) (C₁ -C₄ alkyl) and (IB), can be prepared by alkylating a 5-(6) benzimidazole of the formula: ##STR6## where R is in the 5-(6-) position, R being as defined for formula (IA), or a base salt thereof, with an alkylating agent of the formula:

    R.sup.1 Q                                                  (III)

where Q is a suitable leaving group, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, and R¹ is as defined for formula (IA).

Except when a base salt of (II) is employed, the reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a base such as n-butyllithium, potassium carbonate or pyridine. When using n-butyllithium, the reaction is typically carried out in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran under reflux. When using potassium carbonate as the base, the reaction is typically carried out in dimethylformamide at about room temperature. Generally, a mixture of products (IA) alkylated at only the 1-position, and particularly when an excess of compound (III) is employed, at both the 1- and 2'- positions identified in formula (II), together with the compound (IB), is produced. The mono-alkylated products (IA) can be separated from the dialkylated products (IA) and the compounds (IB) by conventional techniques such as chromatography on silica as is illustrated in Example 1.

Because in the benzimidazole starting materials (II), the position of the hydrogen atom at the nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring cannot be determined (tautomerism), it will be appreciated that, when R is other than H, this process will result in a mixture of end products (IA) in which the substituent R is in the 5-position with those in which it is in the 6-position. These compounds can again be separated by conventional techniques such as by high pressure liquid chromatography, if desired. [The compounds (IB) are symmetrical].

Compounds alkylated at the 1-position only can be further alkylated at the position identified as 2' in formula (II) by the technique described above, thus resulting in compounds (I) having differing alkanoyloxyalkyl groups at the 1- and 2'-positions.

Compounds (IA) in which R² is C₁ -C₄ alkyl are prepared by alkylation of end products in which R² is H by conventional techniques, such as by using a C₁ -C₄ alkyl iodide/base (e.g. K₂ CO₃)/solvent (e.g. DMF).

The starting materials of the formula (II) are known compounds and a number of them have generic non-proprietary names, as follows: ##STR7##

For further details of the compounds (II) please also see for example the following references:

Sharma et.al., Proc.Drug. Res., 1983, 27, 85;

O. W. Ostmann et.al., Prog.Antimicrob. Anticancer Chemother, 1969, 1, 159;

A. H. M. Raeymaekers, Arzneim-Forsch/Drug. Res., 28(1), 586;

E. A. Averkin et.al., J. Med. Chem, 1975, 18, 1164;

S. Ram et.al., Org. Prep. Proced. Int, 1985, 17, 215;

H. D. Brown et.al., JAGS, 1961, 83, 1764;

D. R. Hoff et.al., Experientia, 1970, 26, 550;

U.S. Pat. No. 3,010,968, GB 1123317; U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,986; U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,640;

U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,418; U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,841; U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,5361; U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,998; DE-A3247615;

EP-A-0387941; EP-A-0009174; and ZA-7902975.

The compounds (IA) in which R¹ is H and R² is 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) are preparable by the alkylation of starting materials (IV) having a protecting group at the 1-position, i.e. ##STR8## where R and R³ are as defined for formula (IA) and X is an N-protecting group, such as t-butoxycarbonyl, with an alkylating agent of the formula (III), preferably in the presence of a base. The reaction is preferably carried out at about room temperature in the presence of anyhydrous potassium carbonate and in a suitable organic solvent, e.g. a mixture of DMF and acetonitrile. The N-protecting group is then removed by a conventional technique: for example, a t-butoxycarbonyl protecting group is removed by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, typically at room temperature or below.

The starting materials (IV) are readily available from the known compounds (II), e.g. by N-acylation of the unprotected compound as described in Example 2(A).

C₁ -C₆ alkylthio groups represented by R can be oxidized to C₁ -C₆ alkylsulfinyl and alkylsulfonyl groups by conventional techniques, e.g. by the use of 1 or more equivalents of m-chloroperbenzoic acid, as appropriate, in a suitable solvent such as methylene chloride.

The utility of the compounds as anthelmintics when given transdermally can, for example, be assessed by the following technique:

Male Cobb-Wistar rats weighing 40-50 g (3-4 weeks old) are used. The animals are fed on normal cubed rodent diet containing 60 ppm of the immunosuppressant hydrocortisone acetate. Immunosuppression commences one week prior to infection and is maintained until necropsy. Both food and water are given ad lib.

Each rat is given 1500 T. colubriformis infective larvae orally. Ovine-derived larvae are prepared from stock cultures immediately before dosing and checked microscopically for viability. Only motile, viable larvae are used. Parasites are administered in 0.25 ml of water.

One to three weeks post-infection animals are randomly assigned to either treatment (generally 5 rats) or control (generally 10 rats) groups. Solutions of test compounds in appropriate vehicles (see below) are administered topically by pipette to a shaven area (approximately 1 square inch) of the back close to the neck. Drug concentrations in the vehicle are adjusted such that each animal receives the desired dosage in <0.25 ml/100 g body weight. At the time of dosing the weight of the animals ranges from 90 to 110 g. All animals are necropsied three days post-dosing.

At necropsy the small intestine of each animal is removed and placed in a plastic pot containing 20 ml of pepsin digest mixture, comprising pepsin A powder 8 g, NaCl 8.5 g, plus 16 ml concentrated HCl in 1 L of distilled water. The digests are incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours prior to washing over a 75 um sieve with a high pressure water spray. Worms retained on the sieve are collected by washing into fresh pots and stained using an iodine/potassium iodide solution comprising iodine 30 g, potassium iodide 40 g, plus 30 ml methylated spirits in 70 ml distilled water. The contents of each pot is then diluted to a final volume of 500 ml with distilled water and a 50 ml aliquot taken for worm counting. The efficacy of each drug treatment is determined as the percent reduction from the average worm burden of untreated controls.

The following Examples illustrate the preparation of the compounds of the formula (IA) and (IB).

Example 1

Preparation of 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)-(5-and 6-Propylthio)benzimidazole, 2-(N-methoxycarbonyl-N-[pivaloyloxymethyl]amino)-1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)-(5- and 6-propylthio) benzimidazole, and 1,3-(dipivaloyloxymethyl)-2-methoxycarbonylimino)-5-propylthiobenzimidazol ##STR9##

To a stirred suspension of methyl 5(6)-n-propylthio-benzimidazole-2-carbamate (106 g, 0.4 M), also known by the generic name albendazole, in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (1200 ml) under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen was added a 2.6 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexane (154 ml, 0.4 M) and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Chloromethyl pivalate (62.7 g, 0.42 M) was added and the mixture was heated under reflux for 18 hours. The solution was evaporated and the residue taken up in dichloromethane (250 ml) and ether (250 ml). The resulting solution was kept at 4° C. for 48 hours and then filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and the residue taken up in dichloromethane (200 ml) and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1000 g, silica gel 60; Merck), eluting with dichloromethane. Combination of suitable fractions, identified by thin layer chromatographic analysis, gave as white solids:

i) a mixture of 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)-(5- and 6-propylthio)benzimidazole (51.9 g), Found: C,57.21%; H,6.36%; N,11.07%; C₁₈ H₂₅ N₃ O₄ S requires C,56.97I; H,6.64%; N,11.07%.

ii) a mixture of 1,3-(dipivaloyloxymethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonylimino) -5-propylthiobenzimidazole and 2-(N-methoxycarbonyl-N-[pivaloyloxymethyl]amino)-1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)-(5- and 6-propylthio)benzimidazole (10.0 g), Found: C,58.62%; H,7.00%; N,8.37%; C₂₄ H₃₅ N₃ O₆ S requires C,58.4%; H,7.15%; N,8.51%.

The components of mixture (i) were separated as follows:

The mixture of products identified as (i) above (1.0 g) was taken up in the minimum volume of eluent (see below) and loaded onto a Rainin 2" Dynamax (Trade Mark) C-18 reverse phase column connected to a Waters 600 (Trade Mark) hplc system. A flow rate of 15 ml/min of eluent with a composition of tetrahydrofuran/water: 45/55 was employed. 40 ml Fractions were collected, and their composition was determined by thin layer chromatography on Merck Silica Gel 60 F-254 (Trade Mark) plates eluted with ethyl acetate/hexane: 1/1. Appropriate fractions were combined and evaporated to give as white powders:

2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)-6-(propylthio) benzimidazole (0.13 g), Tlc R_(f) 0.4, m.p.=121°-123° C., Found: C,57.31%; H,6.62I; N,10.93%, C₂₄ H₃₅ N₃ O₆ S requires C,56.97%; H,6.64%; N,11.07%. and,

2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)-5-(propylthio) benzimidazole (0.056 g), Tlc R_(f) 0.5, m.p.=120°-122° C., Found: C,56.74%; H,6.47%; N,10.73%, C₂₄ H₃₅ N₃ O₆ S requires C,56.97%; H,6.64%; N,11.07%.

If desired, the three components of mixture (ii) may be separated by column chromatography on silica followed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, typically by the following technique. The mixture (ii) (1.3 g) was taken up in the minimum amount of dichloromethane and applied to a column of silica gel (150 g, Merck "Silica Gel 60" [Trade Mark]). Elution with hexane/ether (3/1) afforded fractions containing 1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)-5-(propylthio)-2-(N-methoxycarbonyl-N-[pivaloyloxymethyl]amino)benzimidazole which was obtained upon evaporation as a white solid, (0.33 g), m.p. 72°-73° C. Found: C,58.66%; H,6.86%; N,8.43%; C₂₄ H₃₅ N₃ O₆ S requires C,58.40%; H,7.15%; N,8.51%.

Fractions containing the remaining components were combined, evaporated and further purified by reverse phase hplc on a 2" Dynamax (Trade Mark) C-18 column eluted with water/acetonitrile (40/60) rising to (35/65).

Following thin layer chromatographic analysis (Merck "Kieselgel 60 F-254" [Trade Mark]eluted with di-n-butylether/acetic acid, 9/1), combination of fractions containing only the higher R_(f) material gave upon evaporation 1- (pivaloyoxymethyl)-6-propylthio)-2-(N-methoxycarbonyl-N-[pivaloyloxymethyl]amino)benzimidazole, (0.075 g), as an oil. 300 MHz ¹ H NMR (CDCl₃)

δ=1.07 (t,3H); 1.22 (s,9H); 1.24 (s,9H); 1.71 (m,2H); 2.98 (t,2H); 3.51 (s,3H); 5.79 (s,2H); 5.98 (s,2H); 7.39 (dd,1H); 7.53 (s,1H); 7.69 (d,1H).

Fractions containing only the lower R_(f) compound gave upon evaporation 1,3-(dipivaloyloxymethyl)-2-(methoxycarbonylimino)-5- (propylthio)benzimidazole as an oil (0.11g). Found: C,58.77%; H,7.08%; N,8.41%, C₂₄ H₃₅ N₃ O₆ S requires C,58.40%; 7.15%; 8.51%.

Example 2 A. Preparation of 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1-(t-butoxycarbonyl)-(5- and 6-n-propylthio)benzimidazole

To a stirred suspension of methyl 5(6)-n-propylthio-benzimidazole-2-carbamate (150 g, 0.57 M) in 2 L of tetrahydrofuran was added 123 g (0.57 M) of di-t-butyldicarbonate. The mixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature, then 5.5 hours at 50° C. Then a further 62 g of di-t-butyl dicarbonate in 150 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added. The mixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature then a further 2 hours at 50° C. After evaporation, the residue was slurried with diethyl ether (1 L) and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated and crystallized from n-hexane to yield 66 g of the title compounds. The filter cake was slurried with methylene chloride, filtered and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was crystallized from n-hexane to yield a further 61 g of the title compounds. Found: C,55.91%; H,6.41%; N,11.58%, C₁₇ H₂₃ N₃ O₄ S requires C,55.87%; H,6.34%; N, 11.50%. M.Pt. 85°-87° C.

B. Preparation of 2-(N-methoxycarbonyl-N-[pivaloyloxymethyl]amino)-(5(6)-propylthio)benzimidazole

50 g (0.14 M) of 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1-(t-butoxycarbonyl)-(5- and 6-n-propylthio)benzimidazole, 23 g (0.15 M) of chloromethyl pivalate, 32 g (0.23 M) of anhydrous potassium carbonate, 800 ml of acetonitrile and 50 ml of dimethylformamide were stirred together at room temperature for 72 hours then filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (500 ml) and washed with water (2×125 ml), saturated brine (50 ml) and dried over magnesium sulphate. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was cooled in a bath of isopropanol mixed with solid carbon dioxide. Then 250 ml of trifluoroacetic acid was added. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours then evaporated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (350 ml) and washed with 10% aqueous potassium bicarbonate until no more carbon dioxide was evolved. The solution was then washed with water and brine then dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and evaporated. The residue was crystallized from ether and hexane to yield 28 g of the title compound. Found: C,57.17%; H,6.53%; N,10.91%, C₁₈ H₂₅ N₃ O₄ S requires C,56.97%; H,6.64%; N,11.07%. M.Pt. 96°-102° C.

C. Preparation of 2-(N-methoxycarbonyl-N-[pivaloyloxymethyl]amino)-(5(6)-propylsulphinyl)benzimidazole

To a stirred solution of 2-(N-methoxycarbonyl-N-[pivaloyloxymethyl]amino)-(5(6)-propylthio)benzimidazole (24 g) in methylene chloride (200 ml) at -20° C. was added in a dropwise fashion, 13 g of meta-chloroperbenzoic acid in methylene chloride (150 ml). The mixture was maintained at the same temperature for 30 minutes then warmed to 5° C. for 18 hours. After warming to room temperature a further 350 ml of methylene chloride was added and the solution washed with 10% aqueous potassium bicarbonate followed by water then brine. Then the solution was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and evaporated. The residue was crystallized from diethyl ether to yield 22 g of the title compound. Found: C,54.78%; H,6.28%; N,10.63%. C₁₈ H₂₅ N₃ O₅ S requires C,54.67%; H,6.37%; N,10.63%. M.Pt. 159°-160° C. ##STR10##

Example 3

A composition suitable for transdermal administration is as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)                                                              21 g                                              (5- and 6-propylthio)benzimidazole                                             [Mixture (i) from Example 1]                                                   Butyl digol[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol]                                                                    Equal     24.5 g                                    2-Pyrrolidone              proportions                                                                              28.8 g                                    Isopropylacetate           by volume 22.4 g                                                                         96.7 g                                    ______________________________________                                    

Example 4

A composition suitable for parenteral administration is as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-1-(pivaloyloxymethyl)-                                (5- and 6-propylthio)benzimidazole                                             [Mixture (i) from Example 1]                                                                             0.0063 g                                             Benzyl benzoate           0.2234 g                                             Sesame oil                0.7312 g                                                                       0.9609 g                                             ______________________________________                                     

We claim:
 1. A benzimidazole derivative of the formula: ##STR11## or a non-toxic salt thereof, wherein R, which in the compounds (IA) is in the 5- or 6-position, is H, benzoyl, styryl, phenyloxy, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl , phenylsulfonyl , phenylsulfonyloxy, C₁ -C₆ alkyl, C₁ -C₆ alkoxy, C₁ -C₆ alkylthio, C₁ -C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁ -C₆ alkylsulfonyl or (C₃ -C₇ cycloalkyl) carbonyl, said phenyl groups, and the phenyl portion of said benzoyl group, optionally having 1 to 3 substituents each independently selected from halo, C₁ -C₄ alkyl, halo-(C₁ -C₄ alkyl), C₁ -C₄ alkoxy, C₁ -C₄ alkylthio, C₁ -C₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁ -C₄ alkylsulfonyl, C₂ -C₄ alkanoyl, nitro, isothiocyanato, cyano; and either (a) R¹ is a 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy) (C₁ -C₄ alkyl) group and R² is H, C₁ -C₄ alkyl or a 1-(C.sub. 2 -C₆ alkanoyloxy) (C₁ -C₄ alkyl) group, or (b) R¹ is H and R² is a 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) group; and R³ is a C₁ -C₄ alkyl group.
 2. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R is H, C₁ -C₄ alkyl, C₁ -C₄ alkoxy, C₁ -C₄ alkylthio, C₁ -C₄ alkylsulphinyl, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, benzoyl optionally substituted by halo or phenylsulfonyloxy optionally substituted by halo.
 3. A compound as claimed in claim 2 wherein R is H, benzoyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorophenylsulfonyloxy, n-propylthio, n-propylsulfinyl, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, n-butyl or n-propyloxy.
 4. A compound as claimed in claim 3 wherein R is n-propylthio.
 5. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R¹ is 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy)(C₁ -C₄ alkyl) and R² is H or 1-(C₂ -C₆ alkanoyloxy) (C₁ -C₄ alkyl).
 6. A compound as claimed in claim 5 wherein R is H, C₁ -C₄ alkyl, C₁ -C₄ alkoxy, C₁ -C₄ alkylsulphinyl, phenylthio, phenylsufinyl, benzoyl optionally substituted by halo or phenylsulfonyloxy optionally substituted by halo.
 7. A compound as claimed in claim 6 wherein R is H, benzoyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorophenylsulfonyloxy, n-propylthio, n-propylsulfinyl, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, n-butyl or n-propyloxy.
 8. A compound as claimed in claim 7 wherein R is n-propylthio.
 9. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R¹ is pivaloyloxymethyl and R² is H or pivaloyloxymethyl.
 10. A compound as claimed in claim 9 wherein R is H, C₁ -C₄ alkyl, C₁ -C₄ alkoxy, C₁ -C₄ alkylthio, C₁ -C₄ alkylsulphinyl, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, benzoyl optionally substituted by halo or phenylsulfonyloxy optionally substituted by halo.
 11. A compound as claimed in claim 10 wherein R is H, benzoyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorophenylsulfonyloxy, n-propylthio, n-propylsulfinyl, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, n-butyl or n-propyloxy.
 12. A compound as claimed in claim 11 wherein R is n-propylthio.
 13. A compound as claimed in claim 1, or a non-toxic salt thereof, in which R is n-propylthio and either (a) R¹ is --CH₂ OCO(t-butyl), R² is H and R³ is methyl, (b) R¹ and R² are both --CH₂ OCO(t-butyl) and R³ is methyl, or (c) R¹ is --CH(CH₃)OCO(t-butyl), R² is H and R³ is methyl.
 14. An anthelmintic composition comprising a compound according to claim 1, or a non-toxic salt thereof, together with a diluent or carrier.
 15. A composition as claimed in claim 14 which is in a form suitable for transdermal, oral or parenteral administration.
 16. A method of combating helminths in an animal, which comprises applying to the skin of the animal in an amount sufficient to exert an anthelmintic effect, an anthelmintic composition comprising a compound of claim 1 or a non-toxic salt thereof and a non-toxic carrier effective for passing said compound or salt thereof through the skin of the animal.
 17. A method of combating helminths in an animal, comprising administering orally or parenterally to said animal an anthelmintically-effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or salt thereof. 